High School and School Counseling Interventions Essay

Introduction and rationale for the research In the fields of counseling, education, and psychology, there has been a strong emphasis placed on evidence-based practices to determine the effectiveness of school counseling interventions. In this article, two types of Meta-Analysis interventions were used during this study. Meta-Analysis 1 involved treatment-control comparisons and Meta-Analysis 2 involved pretest-posttest differences. The overall average weighted effect size for school counseling interventions was . 30. This study determined how effective moderator variables influenced effect size of, guidance curriculum, individual planning, responsive services, and system support. Analyses of moderator variables are designed to determine the effectiveness of school counseling program activities in this article. Major strengths/weaknesses in the article The overall school counseling interventions produced an average effect size of . 30 which is significant. However, in this article, the average effect size of Meta-Analysis 2 intervention was not significant, only . 07. Previously research has found that meta- analyses using pretest-posttest typically produces a higher effect size compared to the more traditional treatment-control group comparisons. It’s difficult to determine the non-significant mean effect size for pretest-posttest meta-analysis. Additional analyses in the pretest and posttest form will need to focus on specific interventions and additional information regarding the effectiveness of specific strategies in school counseling. One of the common criticism of meta-analytic approaches is that studies with weak methodological rigor may artificially inflate average effect sizes(M. W. Lipsey,2003). M. W. Lipsey (2003) also argued that methodological moderator variables that often are assumed to be independent are not necessarily independent and carefully conducted meta-analytic reviews should explore methodological relationship patterns. The effect size of . 30 was based on 117 experimental studies that involved 153 interventions, which is a significant increase from the six studies used by Sprinthall (1981). Many more studies were conducted with elementary school students; however, school counseling interventions included in this meta-analysis appeared to be slightly more effective with middle or junior high students followed by high school students. Thus, these studies show a significant effect on school counseling interventions for all levels of K-12 education. There are also some limitations when meta-analytic techniques are used. The validity of effect size largely depends on the quality of studies that were included in the review. Some major limitations in school counseling research could not be addressed statistically. Also there are few studies that address the issues of treatment integrity. Only a handful of studies used treatment manuals or well-developed curricula. It was difficult for researches to determine what was effective because researchers could not determine what interventions were implemented with students. Another limitation was the elimination of 111 studies that had insufficient data or missing information. Another limitation from this article concerns the dominance of non-standardized outcome assessments in school counseling research. Meta-analysis also lacked long-term follow-up data. The lack of longitudinal data allows for the measurement and analysis of only short-term effectiveness. Another issue with meta-analysis research is that interventions focused mostly on specific interventions rather than comprehensive school counseling programs. There has been very few research studies conducted on comprehensive school counseling programs. Summary of research outcome.  There were 118 studies that used meta-analysis 1, involving treatment-control comparisons and 153 school interventions; however, two studies were considered one study because of the same simple. Out of the 117 studies, 81 were published in journals and 36 were theses or dissertations. This meta-analysis study had 16,296 participants and the sample ranged from 8 to 5, 618, with the average study involving 139. 28 participants. From these studies, 50. 4% were elementary school students, 17. 9% were middle or junior high school students, and 24. 8% were high school students, and 6% had a mixture of ages, and one study did not report the age of the student participants. There was an overall weighted effect size of 27% for students that received school counseling intervention compared to those students that did not receive school counseling intervention. The average effect size was significant. Also, there were a total of 33studies that used meta-analysis 2, involving pretest-posttest design; however, two effect sizes were eliminated from one study. Therefore, 31 studies that involved 51 school counseling interventions were used. The effect sizes calculated from these 31 studies involved 2,015 participants and the average study involving 62. 97 students and the sample ranged from 9 to 283. Out of the 31 studies, 17 were published in journals, 13 were theses or dissertations, and one study was an ERIC document. From these studies, 29% involved elementary school students, 12. 9% were middle or junior high school students, and 54. 8% were high school students, and 3. 2% had a mixture of ages and grade levels. There was only a . 07% weighted effect size on pretest and posttest meta-analysis which indicates the average effect size was not significant. Two methods of applying this research to practice Firstly, my goal as an aspiring school counselor is to implement a comprehensive school counseling program for all students. I would provide a variety of interventions and activities using the four components of the delivery system of a school counseling program, guidance curriculum, individual student planning, responsive services, and system support. I would then, conduct studies in my school, collecting data, and determine which services students and the school will benefit from the most. This will help me determine what type of programs and activities are most effective for our students and school. Secondly, I would consider taking additional research courses to prepare me to contribute to the knowledge base of school counseling, while conducting research projects related to school counseling. Simply, there needs to be more and better research in the area of school counseling. â€Å"Without additional empirical support, some schools may eliminate professional school counseling programs†(Erford, p 68). Conclusion. From this research on meta-analyses not all school counseling interventions were equally effective. Additional research is needed to examine the impact these studies had on students from diverse backgrounds. Although more research is often a recommendation after completing a meta-analysis (e. g. , Ehri et al. , 2001; Swanson, 1999; Whiston, Brecheisen,& Stephens, 2003; Xin, Grasso, Dipipi-Hoy, & Jitendra, 2005), we contend that lack of methodological rigor and dearth of studies make the calls for additional sound research in school counseling particularly important. Also, the issues of treatment integrity and increasingly use standardized outcome assessments will enhance future school counseling interventions. From this study, one would learn that additional research is needed, however, from this research; data shows that school counseling interventions have a positive effect size on student outcomes. Furthermore, there were significant effect sizes for interventions at the elementary, middle, and high school levels. School counselors’ were able to increase students’ ability to solve problems while decreasing discipline problems. However, the researchers were unable to identify specific programs or approaches that produce positive outcomes. Additional research is needed to address what interventions for school counseling works, with what students, and under what circumstances. References Erford, B. T. (2011). Transforming the school counseling profession (3rd Ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Whiston, Tai, Rahardja, and Eder. (Winter 2011 Volume 89). School Counseling Outcome: A Meta-Analytic Examination of Interventions. Journal of Counseling.

My Favourite Peson Essay

My mother is the mostconfusing, weird, insane, and strangest person i know; she is also the most beautiful, caring, loving, and strongest figure in my life. She loves learning, and has been supportive in my diseases. She has taught me so many things about a natural lifestyles that I keep in mind day to day. I have manyinspirational people that surround me, but my mother’s crazy, creative, and supporting personality has made her my favorite person in the world. Just sitting with her brings me comfort. She smells of sweet coconut and her skin is warm and soft like soft cashmere. I love her laugh, and how her eyes shine optimistically and full of life. She has a way of making those crazy and stressful days melt away and leaves your soul content. Even when others speak ill of her, I never hear her returning such words. Right now she is miles away, yet I call her and her voice is as warm as her embrace. There is people in this world who deserve an award, and she is one of them. The way she has grown in the past few years astounds me. I can see it in her actions that she is stronger than i have ever seen her, and each time i see her she looks more beautiful than she did before. She is no ordinary woman. She dances around the house with the grace of a fish out of water, and she gets away with it. She remembers only parts of songs and movies, I found it irritating; but now all I want is to hear her sing her fragmented songs and dance all the time. My favorite memory of her is playing card games, we would play using weird accents that must be a cross between Russian, and Icelandic. I’m not sure anyone else could understand us, and frankly I am pretty sure someone would send us to Essandale if they were to see us. Particularly when we cooked a meal together and turned on the music, then the magic would really happen. Those are the memories I hold dear.I applaud my mother for her strength. My family tells me that I am like her, and if I am anything like her than I would not complain. Having a child at 18 can’t be easy, growing up I know she always tried her hardest to be thebest mother she could be. Having a child with 3 diseases must have taken a pretty big toll on her, yet she learned all she  could about them and provided the supportive lifestyle I needed to not let these diseases take control of me. She always tries to make the best out of a bad situation, and she has known her fare share of that. Even with battles of her own she would wipe her tears away and take away my sorrows. She has taught me so much, one thing I appreciate the most is her interest in natural products. Her interest has also brought a great many memories that I will never forget. She was starting to get into natural shampoo products,I believe she tried washing her hair with eggs and rinsing it with baking soda. She came out with her hair looking like Frankenstein, it really did feel like wire. She even tried to put oil in it to fix it, it made no difference. My mom has tried so many things, although many of her attempts did not work as planned she never stopped. Among one of her attempts was a body wash, it ended up as a lumpy concoction that looked that like glue and tapioca beads. She went on to create my favorite rejuvenating body wash with fresh mint and sweet thyme, and every time I smell it think of her. She has so many books on natural home remedies, that I am very thankful for. But the way she studies for hours and keeps going is truly epic, she is always eager to learn more and i s very determined. Through life we learn lessons, most of them are through people we meet and situations we endeavour. I think its the small things learned that make the difference in life. I learned so many things from her, and together they have made me who I am today. She may not be the most patient at times, but she has been very patient with me. My mother is my favorite person. They say a parents love just happens, I believe different. She has carved herself into my heart with a silken blade. Love and Respect cannot just be forced upon a person, but is a process like any relationship that is done with patience, acceptance, and frustration. I know I will be successful in my life, because of her. I have learned never to give up, even when the world is against you. Because of her compassion and forgiveness , I have come to know a lust for life and to feel content even when the worlds a blur.

Videogames Benefits

Most people think that playing video games will lead you to a life of crime, delinquency, and misery. The opposite, however, is true. Video games can be used properly to improve the coordination and concentration physically, socially, and mentally to benefit the user. Does this mean kids should spend all day playing? No. This occurs when they are used properly and in moderation. Contrary to what most of the people believes, video games can actually help your motorskills no matter how younger people are.Most of the people who play videogames do not know that there is a research that shows that certain video games can reduce fat causing global weight loss. Other sources state that doctors have instructed parents to let their children play video games to help control focus. It is found that video games can improve hand eye coordination and have been used for rehabilitation of wounded soldiers. Gamming has developed in technology that has been created for many new positive effects. Over the years video games had become popular and enhanced.Another potential benefit of video games is they aid in improving language and teaching new words of various languages. This is because every game contains certain rules and instructions according to which the game can be played. So, it is very necessary for the player to be able to understand the instruction. Video games help the child in recognizing the alphabet and numbers. It also helps in building the children vocabulary. The University of Cambridge states that in a study with one set of surgeons played video games for 3 hours a week, while the other set played none.The set that played the video games made 37 percent fewer mistakes during laparoscopic surgery and finished the surgery 27 percent faster. In a separate study, gamers and athletes were compared upon their hand eye coordination. People who played both sports and games were the highest, followed by gamers, and then athletes. In two separate studies, video game play ers had better success identifying items in visual environments. One study showed that people who played action games had a 20 percent better success rate in identifying a T in a cluttered environment.In another study, those who play action video games on a regular basis can process visual information faster and can track 30 percent more objects than non-gamers. (University of Cambridge) Gaming can also make you smarter. People who play video games can display intelligence by solving in-game problems. Managing multiple objectives and multiple resources is one of the goals of the game that can help you become smarter. The people can also improve their understanding ability by learning the rules of the game and what strategy works the best for the user.Since video games are driven by goals (find the princess in the White Mountain), people will have to think and analyze the environments in order to complete problems that lead them to complete the main task; so gaming will develop the a reas of think and analysis of the people involved. But playing too much can lead people to addiction and many other negative consequences. The good part is that there are positive outcomes to gaming like Getting smarter, becoming better with your hands and being able to see better is a good outcome. This only applies when used properly.

(Name of film) is valuable (or not valuable) in the study of 20th Essay

(Name of film) is valuable (or not valuable) in the study of 20th century America because (fill in reason) - Essay Example ils the only criminal case in the country that charged anyone with conspiracy in the death of the president or called into question the results of the Warren Commission. At the same time, it takes a look into the personal life of Garrison as he dealt with both internal and external pressures in bringing this case to trial. With the depth of the movie’s explorations, it is possible to deduct some of the more important socio-political movements of the time period in which it is set. Because of the way in which he goes about detailing the development of various theories as to what happened that afternoon in Texas, Stone’s interpretation makes it clear in a very public way that at the least, the Warren Commission could not have been correct in its findings when it ruled a lone gunman achieved the death of a president. Up to the release of the movie, Americans were falling asleep regarding the details behind the assassination, but with its release, they once again asked the questions that had remained unanswered since the House Select Committee on Assassination Report was released in 1979 (Renner, n.d.). This public reaction eventually led to the release in 1994 of some documents associated with the Warren Commission’s report. Oliver Stone’s JFK is valuable in the study of 20th century America because it re-examines a nation-changing event, asking the questions that had been almost forgotten and never answered. Despite his insistence that he is not trying to portray a historically factual documentary regarding the assassination, Stone utilizes several real-life players in depicting his version of events. Key among these is President Kennedy himself. By refusing to recast the president, Stone not only proves his talent as a director working with limited available footage, he provides a sense of reality into the story. When he uses the Zapruder film, Stone is able to inject a somber mood of reflection as audiences realize this is the actual event and not

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 14

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General info. about the Dorado fish (known as the dolphinfish and Mahi Essay

General info. about the Dorado fish (known as the dolphinfish and Mahi Mahi) - Essay Example The genus is coryphaena (Bostwick). The fish itself has a round rectangular like shape and long dorsal fins that extend close to the entire length of their bodies. Additionally, the fish has sharp and concave caudal and anal fins. Perhaps most notably, however, is the fish’s coloration. In these regards, the fish has bright and vibrant color. Gold is featured on the fish’s sides, with bright blue and green colors on the fish’s back. The fish is a surface-dwelling animal that is found in tropical, subtropical, and temperate waters ("Florida Museum"). The general life span of these fish is four to five years ("Florida Museum"). The fish’s development is recognized as being highly rapid; indeed, it’s been noted that this fish’s growth is one of the fasted among ocean fish ("Florida Museum"). Mahi mahi are sexually mature in their first year, generally this development occurs by 4 or 5 months old ("Florida Museum"). In terms of spawning; this occurs when they reach body lengths of twenty centimeters. Female dorado spawn two to three times per year ("Fishbase"). This spawing only occurs when they are in warm waters, yet it occurs year around ("Fishbase"). When these fish spawn they produce a staggering amount of eggs – between 80,000 and 1,000,000 ("Fishbase"). When the eggs are located in many ocean areas, they have oftentimes been located in seaweed deposits. The physiology of gas excha nge is highly impactful of these eggs as dissolved oxygen, coupled with problems maintaining salinity, adequate nutritional value and proper size result in 20-30% mortality rate for these larvae ("Fishbase"). The main environmental impact on this fish is from commercial fishermen. Indeed, the fish is a popular target for fisherman as it is regarded as a delicacy. Generally in terms of fishing, catches of the dorado fish measure between 15 and 30 lbs, with catches above 40 lbs considered rare and exceptional. There have been a variety of studies that have

Leading and managing teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leading and managing teams - Essay Example it will focus on factors boosting effective teams as well as setbacks for the same and impact of organization culture and technology on teams in modern business environment. Teamwork helps pool knowledge of different workers together, which help anticipate for current situation or prospected issue at work place. According to Beblin, individuals with high role performance are said to fit naturally to team role while those that are above average have the ability to assume and work on the team roles, but those below average should avoid team role (Senior 1998, p.58). Therefore, it is notable that individual role is considerable in formulating team role in order to try combine individuals with a uniform competencies that will enable have a functional team role which suits ability of every team member. Nevertheless, management of teamwork faces some difficulties; team role balance usually affects teamwork a great deal resulting to undesired results (Senaratne& Gunawardane 2015, p.13). Hence, it is important to consider individual role before setting up teamwork in order to match those with similar personality. Conversely, modern enterprises should address th e issue of poor performance to enhance high profitability. Poor performance can be addressed by appraising workers individually and recognizing their efforts through rewards and promotions. Furthermore, conflicts are obvious in a group set up, modern business organizations ought to set up conflict solving committees to enhance smooth working environment where workers reconcile after wronging each other. Empowerment pushes teamwork performance a notch higher especially when members are delegated authority to make decision on their own depending on their position. A study conducted in Jordanian glass and ceramic industry indicated that empowerment and allowing employees in contributing towards effective teamwork resulted to high performance (Judeh 2011, p 205). However, the results showed that gender or marital