Domestic Violence Violent Or Aggressive Behavior Within...

Domestic violence is the violent or aggressive behavior within the home, typically involving the violent abuse of a spouse or partner. 1 in 3 women and 1 in 4 men have been victims of physical violence by an intimate partner within their lifetime. Domestic violence and abuse can happen to anyone, regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, income, or other factors. Women and men can be victims of domestic violence. There are numerous types of abusive behavior at home, the explanation behind abusive behavior, the quantity of individuals that succumb to abusive behavior, and places you can go for help when you are being assaulted by your love one. On average, nearly 20 people per minute are physically abused by an intimate partner in the United States. During one year, this equates to more than 10 million women and men being a victim of domestic violence. There are five types of domestic violence are Physical, Sexual, Psychological, Emotional, and Economic. Physical, psychological and emotional violence is the most widely recognized types of domestic violence. Physical viciousness is perpetrating or endeavoring dispense physical damage and withholding access to assets important to look after wellbeing. Sexual misuse is pressuring or endeavoring to force any sexual contact without agree and Attempting to undermine the casualty sexuality. Mental misuse is imparting or endeavoring to ingrain fear and disengaging or endeavoring to disconnect casualty fromShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Rap Music On Social Behavior Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesIn society today, it is highly noticed that the role of rap music messages and video i mages of violence causes an increase in negative emotions, thoughts and behaviors which could lead to violence amongst youth. Rap music has been at the center of concern in regards to the potential harmful effect of violent media on social behavior amongst youth. This potential behavior could be seen in the music video titled â€Å"Kim† by Eminem. In this music video, the storyline, language and sound encourages hostileRead MoreDomestic Violence : The Problem And Its Setting854 Words   |  4 PagesSetting a) Statement of the problem Domestic violence is a violent or aggressive behavior within the home, typically involving the violent abuse of a spouse or partner. Domestic violence is a serious epidemic that is taking place every second, every minute and every hour of the day. People assume domestic violence only effects women and children but it also effects men and the community as whole. This paper will not only inform the reader about domestic violence but also how to recognize the signsRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Children1445 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is domestic Violence? Domestic Violence is described as violent or aggressive behavior within the home, typically involving the violent abuse of a spouse or partner. Many children end up being the victims to seeing domestic violence in the home which is very unhealthy to their development. Some children may development resentment toward both parents- one for not leaving and the other for causing the abuse. Depression, aggressive behavior, emo tional distress and suicide depending on the severityRead MoreAlbert Bandura s Theory Of Social Learning1404 Words   |  6 Pagesparticular type of behavior of a model catches our attention. Second, we store a mental image of such behavior in memory. Thirdly, a particular kind of situation leads us to convert that memorized behavior into action; And finally, if the behavior is reinforced, it becomes part of our repertoire†. (Bandura 1986) p.198). Thus, for example, observation of a child of an adult exhibiting aggressive behaviors may lead to repetition and subsequent incorporation of the same type of behavior. Models may varyRead MoreYouth Crime And Domestic Violence Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pages Youth Crime and Domestic Violence Name: Institution: Youth Crime and Domestic Violence Introduction Youth Crime has increased in New Zealand and although the prosecution has decreased the issue has attracted the attention of the members of the public. According to data from the Ministry of Justice (2015) the numbers of children between the ages of ten to thirteen and young people between the ages of fourteen and sixteen who are charged in court is lowest in over two decades. NonethelessRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children3116 Words   |  13 PagesAbusive behaviors are a problem in families, not seen only through the eyes of adults but, their children as well which terms them as indirect victims. Individuals who are exposed to domestic violence as children often display the behavior issues which include violent aggressive behavior as adults (Gorman 2010). Domestic violence is defined within the field of criminology as a pattern of abuse. Domestic violence consists of acts committed in the context of adult intimate relationship. Aggressive BehaviorRead MoreChild A buse And Domestic Violence : Prevalence, Explanations, And Practice Implications Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesArticles Summary Article #1: Child Abuse in the Context of Domestic Violence: Prevalence, Explanations, and Practice Implications The journal article Child Abuse in the Context of Domestic Violence: Prevalence, Explanations, and Practice Implications, addresses three critical components in regards to child abuse resulting from domestic violence. The first component focuses on how often child abuse occurs in relation to domestically violent families. The second component of the journal article attemptsRead MoreChildren s Witnessing Of Adult Domestic Violence1449 Words   |  6 PagesChildren’s Witnessing of Adult Domestic Violence A Summary of the Literature Mia-Tiara Hall HDFM 2533 April 24, 2015 Prairie View AM University Children witnessing adult domestic violence can be traumatizing. It places them in a temporary mindset of confusion of what’s actually taking place. Children have the mindset that home is a safe haven and that â€Å"Mommy† and â€Å"Daddy† are their protectors, their heroes to some. So it becomes strange to them when they see their mother and father involvedRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic violence, also labeled as family violence and intimate-partner violence, is psychological, physical and sexual violence that takes place within home environment. Adults and children can both be victims. Domestic violence is a major human rights issue across the world, and one of New Zealand’s most serious social issues. One in three women in Aotearoa will experience an abusive relationship, with many more coming dangerously close. Reason Domestic violences occurs when the abuser wantingRead MoreDomestic Violence Affects Children s Development1687 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Thesis: Domestic violence can negatively affect children s development. (make more persuasive) Children all around the world witness domestic violence. Whether it s between parents, partners or even the elder. Does the parents, partners, or elder realize the affects that happen to their children? Witnessing domestic violence, children become fearful and anxious. They become this way because they never know when the next event may happen, fearing for themselves, mom or dad, and siblings

Organizational Diagnosis Models On Whole Foods Market

Organizational Diagnosis Models on Whole Foods Market Wanda I. Ramos Trident University BUS 599: Title of Course Professor’s Name July 21 2015 Abstract Organizational diagnosis is known as an effective way at looking organizations to determine gaps or needs between current and desired performance, and how it can achieve its goals. Open Systems Theory will be defined and briefly discussed in connection to organizational diagnosis. An analysis of four organizational diagnosis models was done to identify the best model that fits Whole Foods Market. Both strengths and the weaknesses were identified for each organizational diagnosis model. Organizational Diagnosis Models on Whole Foods Market Whole Foods Market is a company dealing with the production of natural and organic foods. It has numerous stores and groceries across the United States. In order for Whole Foods Market to be successful, they must look and choose which organizational diagnosis (OD) model would be best. A comparison of four models of OD methods has been done, and thereafter identifies the best model that fits Whole Foods Market. In order to decide which is the best OD model, a comparison of the strengths and the weaknesses of the company will be reviewed, and infer on the model that best fits amongst these characteristics. The Open Systems Theory (OST) is described as a system that has input and output flows, representing exchanges of matter, energy or information with itsShow MoreRelatedAn Organizational Diagnosis At Abc Company And Whole Foods2093 Words   |  9 Pagesreport is to provide data on an Organizational Diagnosis to ABC Company and Whole Foods. The diagnosis will define how various features of Whole Foods Market are aligned i.e. inputs, resources, efficiency, throughput effort, productions, performance, and strategy. They are curious to know if there are any substantial issues at Whole Foods, and how these problems might affect the integration of the company’s. Organizational Diagnostic Models An organizational model is an illustration of an organizationRead MoreEssay about Od of Whole Food Market1754 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Organizational behavior and structure are key factors in leading a company to be efficient and successful. Organizational diagnosis models have been created to allow companies to audit themselves to be sure that they are utilizing these key factors correctly. When a firm conducts an organizational diagnosis it is performed to identify strengths and weaknesses in its systems thus developing measures to improve the organizations performance. Knowing which model to use is crucialRead MoreInputs Diagnosis Whole Foods1852 Words   |  8 Pages WHOLE FOODS MARKETS ABC FOODS MERGER INPUTS DIAGNOSIS Rivalry Among Existing Firms The range of competitors within the overall industry include chain and independent supermarkets (Krogers, Safeway, others); mass merchandisers and super centers (Wal-mart,Target); convenience stores; wholesale clubs (Sam’s); restaurants and fast food chains andnatural food stores (Whole Foods, Wild Oats Generally the concentration of competitors has been fragmented by geography. However, through recent consolidationsRead MoreCoca Cola s Organizational Performance And Interaction Based On Group Behavior Essay1836 Words   |  8 PagesCoca Cola as to its organizational performance and interaction based on group behavior. We will now conclude our research. Our results were based on the Action Model of organizational and group conditions and determined if the given model is effective in preventing roadblocks to achieve success. We will also offer recommendations of our overall analysis in order to determine if improvement is needed and how to implement change when presented to us. In order to enact this model and to make it effectiveRead MoreThe Effectiveness of Let ´s Move Campaign1821 Words   |  7 Pagesvolunteers in schools and then partner with teachers, parents, school nutritionists, food directors, and administrators to build a healthy school (Obama, 2013). Recent comparative effectiveness review and meta-analysis concluded that childhood obesity prevention in school-based setting with family, home, and community components have the most evidence for effectiveness (Wang et al., 2013). An empowerment model used in the campaign not only strengthens capacities for obesity related preventive actionsRead MoreIn Regard To The Scenario Given In The Case Study On Increasing1692 Words   |  7 PagesThis goal would be achieved through implementation of activities that promote improvements in nutrition, physical activities and support a good environment. The model that would be used in ensuring that as many people as possible benefit from this program will ensure that the focus is given to the individual, interpersonal, organizational, community and policy formulation levels. This will give a comprehensive cover of the problem and result in better outcomes for the community. This will also ensureRead MoreStrategic Change Management3581 Words   |  14 PagesBackground to Organizational Strategic Change Developing a strategic change management is critical to enhance change management, and management approach to change management must be strategic, as well as focusing on the objective of the organization. Caldwell et al (2009) argue that change management is a now a norm within modern organization. Changes are the process of adopting a new structure and procedure to enhance organizational effectiveness. While change is critical to organizational effectivenessRead MoreOrganizational Planning And Functions Of Management Essay1787 Words   |  8 Pages QUESTION 3: DISCUSS THE STEPS RELATED TO ORGANIZATIONAL PLANNING AND FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT INCLUDING ECONOMIC TRENDS AND MARKETS WITH RESPECT TO THE DIETARY SUPPLEMENT INDUSTRY. Originally, all body supplements are being produced by a pharmaceutical companies whose nature of business is to produce variety of medicines . Later on, the producers became mindful of the costs associated with ineffective planning which potentially results in poor quality of products of dietary supplementsRead MoreLabour Turnover8464 Words   |  34 Pagesnowadays has evolved. Everything involving the operations of the organisation demands a more expeditious means of addressing issues and changes in the external environment. Though this apparently would drive weak companies into the verge of exiting the market, the good ones find a way for this intense demand for constant improvement to their advantage. There are some who find a way to make these incessant demands for change trigger the developmental needs of the company. This is especially true in theRead MoreManagement Control in Mncs6977 Words   |  28 PagesControl and organizational learning in MNCs: an analysis through the subsidiaries Abstract : For any large complex organization the problem of ensuring its constituent activity in accordance with overall policy and, at the same time adapt to its environment, is a central and continuing concern. Thus, the fundamental question which must be answered is ‘what control mechanism can facilitate the adaptation process in the local market?’ In multinational corporations (MNCs), the control mechanism

Trifles Essay Paper Example For Students

Trifles Essay Paper Trifles by: Tammy Wallick Mention the word feminist and most people think of the modern womens movement. Long before the bra burning of the 60s, however, writers were writing about the lives and concerns of women living in a male dominated society. Susan Glaspells play, Trifles, was written in 1916, long before the modern womens movement began. Her story reveals, through Glaspells use of formal literary proprieties, the role that women are expected to play in society, and the harm that it brings not only the women, but the men as well. Character names are important in Trifles. Two characters who are never seen, John and Minnie Wright, provide the inciting incident for the play. The name Wright plays off the social stereotype of women seeking Mr. Right, so they also represent the roles of men and women in the larger society. Minnies name has a double significance, Minnie being mini or minimized, which was descriptive of her relationship with John and in general of womens relationship with men. The taking of the husbands name is also important in the story. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters are not given first names. The role that society has cast them in is one that is defined by their husbands. Mrs. Peters, who is married to the sheriff, is viewed in those terms, not as an individual. The county attorney even says for that matter a sheriffs wife is married to the law (Glaspell ..). Mrs. Peters herself tries to fulfill that role, saying Mrs. Hale, the law is the law (Glaspell ..). She tries to reinforce that identity until she is faced with the brutality of what John Wright did to Minnie. She says I know what stillness is. The law has got to punish crime, Mrs. Hale (Glaspell ..). The difference is that she is talking about the crime committed against Minnie, not the murder. The best example of the importance of names, especially married names, is the image of Minnie Foster. I hear she used to wear pretty clothes and be lively when she was Minnie Foster . . . Mrs. Hale s ays (Glaspell..). She talks about Minnie again on page ..: I wish youd seen Minnie Foster when she wore a white dress with blue ribbons and stood up there in the choir and sang (Glaspell..). The image of Minnie Foster is used to show, by contrast, what John Wright had done to Minnie. Howshedidchange says Mrs. Hale (Glaspell ..). John Wright abuses Minnie by denying her her personality and individuality, and eventually Minnie kills John to escape that abuse. By extension of the analogy between the Wrights and men and women in general, the idea is that it is only a matter of time before women who are forced to enslave themselves to a male dominated society get fed up and seek revenge on their oppressors. Understanding Trifles takes thought to identify and understand the plays two major metaphors. The first of these is the bird/bird-cage metaphor. Mrs. Hale describes Minnie (before her marriage to John) as kind of like a bird herself real sweet and pretty, but kind of timid and flutter y (Glaspell ..). Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters find Minnies bird cage in the cupboard, but they do not realize the importance of it until they find the dead bird with its neck twisted to one side. The comparison here is between Minnie and the bird. The bird is caged just as Minnie is trapped in the abusive relationship with John. John Wright figuratively strangles the life out of Minnie like he literally strangles the bird. When John kills the bird, he kills the last bit of Minnie, but he makes a mistake in doing so. The broken bird cage represents Minnies freedom from the restrictive role of Mrs. Wright. Once she is free she takes her revenge for all of the years of abuse and oppression. She strangles the life out of John like he strangled her spirit and her bird. The bird/bird-cage metaphor is also a representative of the role women are forced into in society, the bird being women and the cage being the male dominated society. The other major metaphor is the quilt. The quilt represent s Minnies life. She has taken the scraps and put them into a nice, neat quilt. The block she was working on, however, was all over the place! It looks as if she didnt know what she was about! Mrs. Hale says (Glaspell ..). When John killed the bird, he destroyed the last bit of personality that Minnie had held for herself. She was angry and confused, and probably literally didnt know what she was about (Glaspell ..). The question that is asked about the quilt is whether Minnie was going to quilt it or just knot it (Glaspell ..). This is the decision that Minnie had to make. She either would quilt it, meaning that she would go on enduring the isolation and abuse or she would knot it and decide that her life as it exists was not it and she would do something to change it. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters begin to understand and agree with Minnie as they see how she was treated by John, and how she is being treated by the law. Mrs. Hale sums up the womens feeling when she replies to the county attorneys question about the quilt, saying we call it knot it, Mr. Henderson (Glaspell ..). The title, Trifles, is itself a reflection of how men view women. A trifle is something that is small, of no consequence. Mr. Hale says that women are used to worrying over trifles (Glaspell ..). The irony of the story is that while the men are running around looking for clues, the women have discovered the key to the mystery among what the men look at as only silly womens work. The feminist agenda of Trifles is not meant to be subtle. Glaspell uses the formal elements in the play to help convey the feminist theme. The title, the character names, and the metaphors all work together to paint not only a picture of Minnies life with John, but by extension, the lives of all women who live oppressed under male domination. Trifles is not just a reflection, however. It is also a call for women to use their perceived powerlessness as a tool to manipulate the system, and a warning to men that a syste m where one segment of the population dominates and oppresses another, cannot and will not be tolerated forever. Susan Keating Glaspell was born July 1, 1876 (though it has been suggested she might have been born as many as six years later) in Davenport, Iowa. Her parents were Alice Keating and Elmer S. Glaspell, whose family was one of the earliest settlers in the Midwest. She was of Scotch/English and Irish descent and raised to be proud of her immigrant heritage. Glaspell was educated in public schools and upon high school graduation in 1894, was hired as a reporter for the Davenport Morning Republic. Two years later she was the society editor for the Davenport Weekly Output. After graduating from Drake University in Des Moines in 1899, she was hired full-time as a legislative and state-house reporter and created a column, entitled News Girl. With this column, she found an established and dedicated audience, mostly women who read Harpers Bazaar and The Ladies Home Journal. In 190 1 she returned to Davenport to dedicate her time to writing stories, plays, and novels that appealed to the readers of these magazines who desired idealism and romance. English .u0f85a3ae223d23d93bd31783e8fc973e , .u0f85a3ae223d23d93bd31783e8fc973e .postImageUrl , .u0f85a3ae223d23d93bd31783e8fc973e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0f85a3ae223d23d93bd31783e8fc973e , .u0f85a3ae223d23d93bd31783e8fc973e:hover , .u0f85a3ae223d23d93bd31783e8fc973e:visited , .u0f85a3ae223d23d93bd31783e8fc973e:active { border:0!important; } .u0f85a3ae223d23d93bd31783e8fc973e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0f85a3ae223d23d93bd31783e8fc973e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0f85a3ae223d23d93bd31783e8fc973e:active , .u0f85a3ae223d23d93bd31783e8fc973e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0f85a3ae223d23d93bd31783e8fc973e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0f85a3ae223d23d93bd31783e8fc973e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0f85a3ae223d23d93bd31783e8fc973e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0f85a3ae223d23d93bd31783e8fc973e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0f85a3ae223d23d93bd31783e8fc973e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0f85a3ae223d23d93bd31783e8fc973e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0f85a3ae223d23d93bd31783e8fc973e .u0f85a3ae223d23d93bd31783e8fc973e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0f85a3ae223d23d93bd31783e8fc973e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In the world we live in, there are many diseases w Essay

Entrepreneurship And Innovation Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Entrepreneurship And Innovation. Answer: Introduction In all around the world there are several innovations that are going on in various industries. This is a result of ideas of entrepreneurs (Drucker, 2014). There are many new SME have come up due to the entrepreneurship qualities that is present in many individuals. Due to various researches in all the fields there are many innovations that are getting possible. The entrepreneurs take use of these to solve some of the social problems as well as utilise them to gain economic benefits (Sahut Peris-Ortiz, 2014). This report highlights the similarities and differences between innovation and entrepreneurs. It also discusses about the activities that contributed to social and economic development in past few years. Compare and Contrast between innovation and entrepreneurship Innovation and entrepreneurship are part and parcels of each other. There are many examples all around the world where entrepreneurial innovation have changed the lives of the people and made a revolution in the industry (Crumpton, 2012). Many a times innovation has led to a start of new kind of industry. Even after being such a close connection, these two are extremely different things. Similarities Innovation and Entrepreneurship both leads to foundation of new items that can be highly beneficial for the society. Some new kind of products gets developed which helps in solving many of the day to day problems of the society. It is often designed as per the need of the market or the people that is present in it. There are various needs of the society and the innovation and entrepreneurship aims to remove that from their products. Both of these require an extensive amount of research so that their product idea does not fail. These researches are done based on the need of the people which is understood by doing market research (Brem, 2011). An Innovative approach is used for doing research. They also require a considerable amount of investment to be done so as to carry out various operations. Most of the money is required in doing the research like the market research and availing all the equipment that will be required for doing research and setting up the inventory for production. Many of the innovations get failed because they have not done proper research before producing products about the actual viability of its in the market. Both entrepreneurship and Innovation always needs to be planned so as to safeguard it from getting failed. In the last few decades most of the innovation or entrepreneurial activities failed due to the reason that they do not have been planned. The idea without a plan is unable to provide the required benefit (Mitra Borza, 2011). The planning must be done about everything from starting of research to the final sale of the products in the market. It helps in availing maximum benefit from the idea as well as it also assists in proper utilisation of resources which is always necessary in the case of company that are making the start. This is due to the reason that they do not have larger amount of resources in the starting. Entrepreneurship and Innovation has to be unique so as to provide maximum of benefits. It is not always necessary in the case of Entrepreneurship but in the case of Innovation it is highly essential. Uniqueness in product always provides a greater possibility for success. This is also due to the reason that there is always a less chance of facing a competition from other products. It also enhances the chances that some new problems of daily lives get solved through it. Idea behind Innovation and Entrepreneurship has to be protected so as to have maximum benefit from it. There is always a chance that it can be utilised by someone else so as to achieve benefits from it (Galindo Mndez, 2014). In order to reduce this problem there are many intellectual property rights they can be taken. This safeguards the rights of people to achieve maximum benefits from the innovation they have made. There are many examples where people have taken the idea of others for their entrepreneurship activities. Dissimilarities Innovation is implementing your creativity for coming up with the new idea or solution. It is a something new that has the power to solve what was not possible in previous times. Progress always depends on the innovation made in the field. More the innovation more is the chances that company or organisation can get greater benefits and has a higher capability of making inventor or researcher rich (Ortho Spine News, 2018). On the other hand entrepreneurship is implementing the innovation so that idea can be given life. It is sometimes also called as the social innovation. It is always driven by the capability of the person to do it. It is more of a grasping of opportunity to attain benefits. Entrepreneurship builds business based on the innovations that has been made. Entrepreneurship always supports innovations and provides strength for doing more innovation. One of the major examples in this regard is Henry Ford who took use of the innovation of most probably Karl Benz to convert th e motor powered engines into car, for his own benefit. This helped Henry Ford to develop cars that changed the world forever and made him the owner of $200 dollars property. Other difference between the two is that innovation is always new while Entrepreneurship can be copy of some others ideas. There are many examples where the people who even do not have the original idea got success. For example in the field of IT technology there are many companies which have achieved success with it. Basic difference between the two can be understood by the point that innovation means something new while on the other hand converting that idea or innovation into a business opportunity is known as entrepreneurship (Nathan Lee, 2013). Other big difference between the two is that innovation is never riskier while the entrepreneurship is always riskier. This can also be understood in the terms that innovation always has the capability of giving something new it is not vague. It is always capable of solving some or the other problem while entrepreneurship always gives an extra option to the people and if they are unable to convince the demand of the market then there is always a chance that it can fail. Innovation and Entrepreneurship activity contribution towards social and economic development Both innovation and entrepreneurship has the capability of solving social and economic problems of the society. In order to understand the economic development done by innovation and entrepreneurship is as follows: In social regards The innovation related to the technology especially in terms of artificial intelligence has helped a lot of people in solving their day to problems (Maclean, Harvey Gordon, 2013). For example Artificial intelligence in Medical sciences have helped people who are suffering from chronic disease in their medication. It has also reduced the number of errors in detecting and operating a disease. On the other hand the Innovation such as Social media Applications has united people all around the globe (Keohane, 2013). It became one of the modern facilitators of world being a global village. It helped in sharing ideas, have interaction and support each other while being from far off places. Another example in this regard is Tablet which does all the functionalities of computer and then also provides mobility to the people. On the other hand the sale of products through online mediums empowered people to avail products while sitting at home. This saved a whole lot of time of the people. In economic regards Many innovations and entrepreneurship has provided economic benefit to the people and the country. There are entrepreneurship examples that have come up with a new business which has added to the financial resources of the country (Szirmai, Naud Goedhuys, 2011). It is also providing jobs to many of the people which are making them financially capable of leading their lives (Eesley Miller, 2017). In the last decade there are millions of new businesses have come up which is improving to the economic condition of the society. On the other hand the innovations like the social media have given jobs to many people. This innovation helps to reduce the cost of marketing as the company can reach to larger set of consumers with the help of very few people. The innovations like multipurpose satellite helps in saving lot of countrys money as for various purpose a single satellites are now a days used. Many innovations have helped entrepreneurs in formulating them into the new idea Conclusion From the above based report it can be concluded that there are many innovations that are going on. This also assisted people in coming up with a new idea known as entrepreneurship. Both innovations and entrepreneurship are connected with each other but still there is a big difference between the two. Innovation and Entrepreneurship are always driven by the demand of the market and often fails when it is unable to fulfil the needs of the people. Both Innovation and Entrepreneurship in the last decade has helped in the development of the society and the nation. It can be clearly understood with the examples provided. References Brem, A. (2011). Linking innovation and entrepreneurshipliterature overview and introduction of a process-oriented framework.International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management.14(1). 6-35. Crumpton, M. A. (2012). Innovation and entrepreneurship.The Bottom Line.25(3). 98-101. Drucker, P. (2014).Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge. Eesley, C., Miller, W. (2017). Impact: Stanford University's Economic Impact via Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Galindo, M. ., Mndez, M. T. (2014). Entrepreneurship, economic growth, and innovation: Are feedback effects at work?.Journal of Business Research.67(5). 825-829. Keohane, G. L. (2013).Social entrepreneurship for the 21st century: Innovation across the nonprofit, private, and public sectors. New York: McGraw-Hill. Maclean, M., Harvey, C., Gordon, J. (2013). Social innovation, social entrepreneurship and the practice of contemporary entrepreneurial philanthropy.International Small Business Journal.31(7). 747-763. Mitra, C. S., Borza, A. (2011). Innovation and entrepreneurship.Managerial Challenges of the Contemporary Society. Proceedings. 342. Nathan, M., Lee, N. (2013). Cultural Diversity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship: Firm?level Evidence from London.Economic Geography.89(4). 367-394. Ortho Spine News, 2018. The Difference between Innovation Entrepreneurship. [Online]. Available at: https://www.orthospinenews.com/2015/07/23/the-difference-between-innovation-entrepreneurship/ . [Accessed on: 14th February 2018]. Sahut, J. M., Peris-Ortiz, M. (2014). Small business, innovation, and entrepreneurship.Small Business Economics.42(4). 663-668. Szirmai, A., Naud, W., Goedhuys, M. (Eds.). (2011).Entrepreneurship, innovation, and economic development. Oxford University Press

An Investigation into the effect of Temperature on the release of Betalain from Beetroot Tissue Essays

An Investigation into the effect of  Temperature on the release of  Betalain from Beetroot Tissue Essays An Investigation into the effect of  Temperature on the release of  Betalain from Beetroot Tissue Essay An Investigation into the effect of  Temperature on the release of  Betalain from Beetroot Tissue Essay The aim of this investigation is to see what if any affect temperature has on the release of Betalain from beetroot tissue. To carry out this investigation I am going to need the following equipment and materials. Apparatus Electric water bath This will be needed to keep the water temperature consistent throughout the experiment at the various required temperatures. Thermometer This will be used to check that the water bath is heating accurately at the required temperatures throughout the investigation. Colorimeter This is what will measure the affect that the heat has on the membrane by measuring how much light passes through the solution. These are the apparatus that will be used to heat and record the data but in order to use these other apparatus must be used too; Test tubes Syringe (to accurately measure the fluid amounts) Cork borer (to shape the beetroot equally) Curettes Measuring cylinder Scalpel Materials Beetroot Distilled Water Method Cut out three pieces of beetroot about 2cms long using a cork borer. Place the cylinders of beetroot on a tile or board and using the scapulae cut into discs 5mm thick. Label 3 test tubes, A B C for each of the temperatures to be tested. The temperatures required are 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c Put 10cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of distilled water in each test tube Place the three test tubes for the required temperature in the water bath and heat to the required temp if needed Check the required temp has been reached using the thermometer to measure both the water bath and the test tubes temps Place the three pieces of beetroot in the three test tubes and leave for two minuets After the time is over remove the test tubes from the water bath and using the syringe which should be clean, extract 5cl from each solution to fill up a curette for each which should also be labelled, check no pieces of beetroot are in the curette Set the Colorimeter to 0 % transmission with water Make quantitative measurements using the colorimeter and record for each Repeat method for each of the temperatures Variables INPUT Temperatures, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 80 CONTROL Beetroot size/shape, beetroot type (use same beetroot), pH amount of the water, temperature consistency, time in waterbath OUTPUT Rate of diffusion measured using colorimeter to measure concentration of dye (Betalain) in solution Explanation My input variable will be the temperature. This will be held at constant temperatures by the water bath and the temperatures changed consistently. The water temperature needs to be held consistently while the diffusing is taking place so that the rate isnt affected and it is a fair test. My control variables will be controlled in the following ways. The size/shape of the beetroot will be controlled by the cork borer and by measuring its length. This has to be done and it is important that it is done accurately because the volume to surface area needs to be the same. This is needed so the rate of diffusion is the same for each piece of beetroot before the temperature is changed. Beetroot type will be the same because I intend to use the same Beetroot unless I run out! The Beetroot will be left covered while not being used and the only pieces to be cut from it will be the ones for the temperature, which will be measured next. This will prevent any of the beetroot drying up as if the membranes dry up they will release less Betalain. It will also prevent any individual differences between the beetroots affecting the results. Distilled water will be used so as to keep the pH of the water the same. The pH needs to be consistent because it will affect the rate of diffusion, for instance a high acidic pH would denature the proteins in the membranes and completely compromise the results. The temperatures will be kept constant by the water bath as explained in the input. Output Data will be recorded by the rate of diffusion. This will be the rate at which the Betalain will have diffused from the beetroot to the solution over the given amount of time. This will be measured by the transmission of the water as read by the colorimeter. This will give an accurate reading of how great the concentration of the dye in the water will be. This can be used to work out the rate of diffusion by dividing the transmission % of the solution by the time given for the diffusion to take place. % / Time = Rate of Diffusion This is assuming the pigment release is constant Equipment Details Colorimeter, device used to compare or measure colours and their intensities. A simple colorimeter uses an optical system to place an unknown colour, such as of a chemical sample, next to a well-established colour. In more advanced devices this comparison field can be adjusted in various quantifiable ways. In some, photoelectric cells may be used to measure the transmitted light. Colorimeters are used in chemical research and in various industries, such as the manufacture of dye and paint. The Colorimeter is the best way to measure the diffusion rate with the equipment, which we have available to us. There are not many other alternatives and using eye site to measure colour would be very in accurate. The Colorimeter is very accurate providing it is set first for water having 100% transmission. It is a reliable piece of equipment, which is well suited to this investigation. Electric Water Bath, heats water to a required temperature and then maintains this temperature for as long as required. This is the best piece of equipment to use to get reliable, constant temperatures throughout the investigation. It can heat to exactly the required temperature and hold it whist the beetroot is placed in the test tubes. This would not be possible with a Bunsen Burner. The Thermometer will be used to check the reliability of the water bath. The syringe will be used to get an accurate amount of distilled water in the test tubes and then will be used to distract the solution afterwards without beetroot and placing it in a curette. The cork borer will be used to shape the beetroot consistently as explained in the method and variables. The scapulae will be used to cut the shaped beetroot into the right size and the curettes are what the colorimeter uses to read the transmission of the solution. Method Details I am going to use the following temperature ranges to collect my data; 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 ; 80à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. I have decided to use these to give me a valid and reliable set of results to analyse and draw graphs and conclusions from. I intend to start at 20à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C because this is the normal temperature of Beetroot and will give me a good basis to work from. Not only will this give me readings for the investigation at normal temperatures but with the equipment available to me it is the lowest temperature I am willing to go to. Going lower would mean having to use ice, which I dont intend to use as it would be very hard to keep constant and may impeded the results. I that two minuets should be sufficient for the diffusion to take place as Beetroot releases a large amount of betalain under normal conditions when cut. I feel that once in heated water or even in water at room temperature within two minuets enough betalain should have diffused for relevant data to be collected. I am also worried that if the Beetroot is left to long the rate of diffusion will slow and that the time taken to reach this point will decrease as the temperature increases. This would not help as my formula for working out the rate of diffusion, (transmission / time) is dependent on the pigment release being constant. I feel that allowing only two minuets for the diffusion will avoid this happening. The data collected will be taken from the solutions after the two minuets is up. The syringe, which should be clean so as not to affect the solution, will be used to extract 5cl from the solution. This will then be put into a curette, and its transmission measured by the colorimeter. No bits of Beetroot should be in the solution as this could show up on the readings. The transmissions will be recorded in a results table. These will be recorded as percentages as that is how the colorimeter reads them. They then need to be recorded as their rate of diffusion using the formulae. Each of the three rates for each temperature need then to be added up and given as an average. This is done to avoid anomalous results. if there are any outstanding anomalies then they should be removed before the averages are worked out. After the averages have been recorded graphs can be drawn up and then analysed for correlation or anomalous results. Scientific theories can then be used to explain the results and then conclude the investigation. Changes in Method There were some problems whilst collecting the results which may have an affect on the findings from them. Firstly was with the temperatures of the water baths which we heated the beetroot in; these were less reliable than I had hopped as far as keeping the water at a consistent temperature. They could not hold the water at exactly 35à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, 45à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, 55à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ or 65à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C etc so temperatures were recorded from around the right temperature, and that temperature recorded with them. I would also have liked the water baths to be as consistent as possible but Im not sure they were as once they reached the required temperature they turned off. This may mean that the temperatures varied slightly over the five minuet period the beetroot was left to diffuse, however I still feel that the temperatures recorded are varied enough and close enough to the original aims to still be used to analyse and solve the problem. The Colorimeters readings may also have an affect on the results. This is because they did not always read consistently. This could be because of smudges on either on the curettes or on the lens or perhaps due to the particles moving around in the solution. I feel, however that the data collected has been accurate enough and varied enough to analyse and solve the problem fairly. I also found that two minuets did not prove a sufficient amount of time for the diffusion to take place, and so I extended the time to 10 minuets. This is because I found that I had underestimated the rate of diffusion from the beetroot and that after just 2 minuets not very much dye had diffused at all and comparisons would be small. By leaving the Beetroot longer it allowed more Betalain to diffuse and a wider range of results to work with. Analysis of original Results The original set of results look quite promising. I have used the colorimeter to obtain data for; absorption, transmission and the rate of reaction. The absorption and transmission are readings given by the colorimeter and can be used to work out each other. The formula to use to work out the transmission from the absorption is to take the absorption from 100 to get a percentage for the transmission of the colorimeter reading. And this is the formula I have used in my results table (100-a) which was created using Microsoft Excel. The next figure in the table is the Rate of Diffusion per Minuet, which is the figure I intend to use to analyse my findings with. This is worked out by dividing the absorption by 5, (a/5) the amount of minuets the beetroot was left for (this is presuming the diffusion rate was consistent). This then relates directly back to the problem which asked how temperature affected the rate of diffusion of betalain from beetroot to water over a given amount of time. I have recorded all three of these in the table for each of the temperatures implemented and for all five repetitions I have then added them and divided by five to give an average. I have also included the size of the beetroot in mm (length multiplied by diameter), the weight of the beetroot in grams, the volume of water from the test tube and the time in minuets. These are all control variables but I have included them in the table so all relevant stats are visible and they can be shown as consistent. There are however some anomalous looking results, I have highlighted these results red but have not removed them yet. I will draw up a graph first and analyse the results further before deciding if these results are having to much of an effect on the averages to be included in the findings. Analysis The graph has used the rate of diffusion per minuet results from the results table. The calculation for this is the absorption rate divided by five; the amount of minuets the beetroot was left for. This gives you the amount a figure for the amount of diffusion taking place every minuet presuming the diffusion is consistent. The graph shows a clear positive correlation for greater heat, greater release of Betalain. This would be because the hotter the Betalain gets the more energy its molecules will get and the more motion they will make and the more will diffuse through the membrane of the beetroot and into the water. However there is a large range in the error bars on most of the results and some overlap. I feel this could be because of the results I highlighted in the table I am therefore going to redo the table without these anomalies and see if I can improve the quality of the graph and findings. Edited Results Temp (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) Figure Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat 3 Repeat 4 Repeat 5 Average 25 Rate %minà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 3.2 2.2 3.8 3.2 3.2 3.12 35 Rate %minà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 4.2 4.4 4 4.6 4.4 4.32 45 Rate %minà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 4.6 5.2 5 6.4 6 5.44 55 Rate %minà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10.8 13 11.2 10 12.4 11.48 65 Rate %minà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 14 14.2 14.6 15.4 15 14.64 I have removed the anomalies and used the average of the other four readings for that temperature to fit the Excel formula. This has given me more consistent results and should help to get a better correlation on the graph for my final readings. I have also removed the Absorption and Transmission readings from the table to make it more condensed and easier to read and evaluate. I decided that in this table only the essential figures should be kept in, the ones that I will be using to create my final graph with. Therefore I have gotten rid of the size, weight, water volume and time as these are all consistent and do not need to be present on the graph. Analysis Removing the main anomalies from the results has made the graph look more accurate and more relevant. There are smaller error bars and the results are in a better correlation. The only Results not closely corallined are those for 55à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C but because these results were so varied that picking out anomalies would not work here. The line on the graph is more of a steeper gradient and would form an S shape if I were to draw a line of best fit on it. Conclusion and Background Information I can now conclude that the relationship between heat and diffusion on a beetroots membrane is that the greater the heat, the greater the rate of diffusion. This is as I expected and of no great surprise. The main reason for this would be because the greater the heat, the greater the energy the Betalain molecules would have and the more motion they would have. This would lead to more diffusing in a shorter amount of time. The cell membranes main function is to serve as a boundary between the cell and its environment. It is just like other organelles in the cell in that it serves the cell by having its own specialised jobs. In terms of beetroot the Betalain is contained within the cell membrane, if this membrane is broken or disrupted the pigment will be released. Temperature may be the cause of the disruption. High temperatures could distort the active site of the carrier, channel of gated proteins, therefore affecting the shape of the fluid mosaic model membrane which may release the betalian or other molecules held inside the beetroot. Temperature can also affect the rate at which the diffusion takes place by giving the particles more energy. I feel that this is more likely to be what caused the higher rate of diffusion rather than the disruption which was caused by cutting the beetroot up. This has been shown on the graph and in the results and I can now conclude that the higher the temperature of the water and Beetroot the higher the rate of diffusion will be over the semi permeable membrane. Evaluation The Problem has been solved and even though there were anomalies and some of the equipment was perhaps not as accurate as would have been preferred the experiment has been a success and there can be no doubt of the effect on heat on the rate of diffusion of Betalain between the membrane of a beetroot and water. There were limitations with the amount of equipment we could use and on methods we used as we only had the schools supply of equipment and only two lessons in which to collect data. The first of which and perhaps the most important of which was the water bathes. Water Bathes These were supposed to keep a level and consistent temperature throughout the duration of the experiment. This however they did not do, they did not reach the required temperatures very well and there gages often read differently to the thermometers used to back them up. Also once the required temperature or at least what the water bathes considered as the required temperature was reached, the water bathes shut themselves off. There would then be no heat or buffer to keep the temperature constant. Whilst this is a much more effective and accurate way of reaching the temperatures and conducting the experiment than using Bunsen burners or any of the other equipment the school could have provided, it was a bit disappointing that it couldnt hold its temperature. The poor precision of the water bathes could have had an effect on the data recorded. The experiments were supposed to be conducted at 25, 35, 45, 55 and 65à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C but the real temperatures were from around these temperatures. This could have led to variation in the in the in the data collected as some of the error bars were quite large, for instance the changing temperatures could mean that once you returned to repeat the experiment the water bath would be at a different temperature to when you first recorded the results. Another factor affecting the difference in results could the position in the water bathe, if two different thermometers (the water bathes thermostat and the separate thermometer) are reading different temperatures then maybe the temperature isnt consistent throughout the water bathe at the same time. If one test tube was placed directly above the heater and another away from it they would have different temperatures leading to a deviance in the results. This lack of reliability may have had an effect on the conclusions as well as the results. On the first graph the error bars were clearly to large and needed editing to remove the anomalies and redo a more consistent line. The figures used for the graphs were suppose to be for the rate of reaction and to work this out the diffusion should have been constant, but if the temperatures werent constant then its probable that the diffusion wasnt either. This could not be helped though and differences although there were some anomalies were fairly consistent and showed enough reliability to be analysed, concluded and explained using Biological Knowledge.

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Answer Cholera i) Definition: WHO defines cholera as Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholera (WHO, Fact sheet on cholera 2010). Cholera is caused by vibrio cholera serotype 01. The El Tor bio type more commonly infects than classical bio type. ii) Pathogenesis: Enzyme adenyle cyclase is activated in intestinal wall by enterotoxin of vibrio cholera that activates cyclic-AMP leading to massive secretion of chloride and water from the intestinal endothelium.It infects both adults and children (Robbins, Stanley, Kumar, and Cotran 2010). iii) Clinical Features: Sudden onset of severe diarrhoea without pain, vomiting. Stool is like rice water in color. Severe dehydration, shock and oliguria. Death occurs due to circulatory failure. In most of the cases diarrhoea is mild and occassionally disease is very severe with intense loss of fluid and dilatation of intestine leading to death. It is dangerous when disease occurs in children (Boon, Nicholas, and Davidson 2006). iv) Diagnosis: During epidemic diagnosis can be made easily from clinical features. But confirmation of diagnosis requires laboratory methods. Specimen of stool is taken before anti-biotics are given. A fresh specimen of stool or rectal swabs are taken and transported via transport media or put in sterile container. In the laboratory direct microscopic examination with dark field illumination shows shooting star appearance of vibrio cholera against dark background. This test diagnosis in 80% cases of infection. Specimen can be cultured in bile salt agar medium over night and examined under oblique light for colonies. Serological tests like direct haemagglutination test and cholera phage type test are also available for phage typing (Robbins, Stanley, Kumar, and Cotran 2010) . v) Causative Organism: Cholera is caused by vibrio cholera (serogroups O1 and O139 are cause outbreaks), sero-type O1 causing the majority of the outbreaks, while serotype O139 causes less outbreaks and it is limited to South-East Asia. Other serotypes non-O1 and non-O139 cause mild disease only (WHO, Fact sheet on cholera 2010). vi) Modes of Transmission: Use of water contaminated with faeces from water wells, ponds, lakes and rivers for drinking purposes, consumption of contaminated food, drinks, vegetables, and fruits, ingesting cooked food, contaminated due to handling with contaminated hands and exposd to flies. Transmission also occurs due to direct person to person contact when one have contaminated hands and fomites. vii) Incubation period is from few hours to 2 days viii) Prevention: Traditionally the preventive measures include coordination between public and private sectors to achieve clean water supplies, proper disposal of excreta and waste water, safe handling of cooked food, drinks and other edibles protecting them from flies and conteminated hands, behaviroal modification and health education and knowledge about imporatance of personal hygiene. Currently two oral whole-cell killed vaccines Dukoral and Shanchol are commercially available. These are effective and provide more than 50% protection from vibrio cholera (WHO, Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations 2008). Management: It includes replacement of fluid and electrolytes using intravenously ringer lactate when vomiting is present and oral fluids when there is no vomiting. Antibiotics, doxycycline 300mg or ciprofloxacillin 1gm or oxytetracycline 250 mg x 6hourly for 3 days reduces duration of diarrhoea and ammount of fluid loss (Boon, Nicholas, and Davidson 2006). Cholera in Zimbabwe The cholera epidemic in Zimbabwe began in August, 2008. According to WHO update June 9, 2009, cholera epidemic in Zimbabwe slowed down during 2009. The number of suspected cases of cholera was 98424 and number of deaths due to the epidemic reached 4276. According to the information given in this WHO report, 4.3% cholera patients have died due to cholera. The most of the reported cases of cholera (56%) affected Harare and its suburban areas, Beitbridge near South African border and Mudzi near Mozambique border. (WHO, Global Alert and Response 2009). Relavant risks factors are poor personal hygine, contaminated water and food, malnutrition, flies, migration, poverty and over crowding at camps.Limitations and hurdles to control cholera incude poor national efforts to find and control cases due to poor intersectorial coordination, political instabiity, emigaration of population, overcrowding near borders, insecurity and lack of resources for many immigrants to maintain proper food and sanitation, lack of health care providers and overstretched health care system. Q3 Investigate the effect of global warming on the patterns of three diseases of your choice. Look at where these diseases are now found considering where they were not 20 years ago. What has enabled these diseases to spread? (i.e. was it the increase in temperature, the spread of the vector, change to a different vector etc?). Answer Malaria Malaria is a parasitic infection and in humans it is caused by plasmodium falciparum, P.vivax , P.malarie and P.ovale and P.knowlesi. Malaria is transmitted when infected female Anopheline mosquito bites human. It occurs in tropical and sub-tropical areas below altitude of 1500 meters. According to WHO estimates 300-500 million cases of malaria occur every year in the world and more than one million people die annually because of malaria (WHO, Water-related Diseases 2010). Global Warming and Malaria: Global warming is leading to climate change in many regions of the world. There is increase in rains, rise in temperature and increased moisture that favors spread of insect vectors. This leads to increase in transmission of vector born diseases including malaria. Climate change or global warming is moving malaria to higher altitudes. Examples of spread of malaria are in highlands in Eastern part of Africa and Madagascar, Peoples Republic of Korea and the mountains of Papua New Guinea. These areas were malaria free 20 years back; are now experiencing seasonal epidemics. A model of predictions by Martens et al in 1995 showed that 3Â ° C increase in global temperature by 2100 will increase the annual malaria cases by 50-80 million (Martens et al., 1995). Causes of malaria spread: Environmental factors that help spread include temperature between 18Â ° C to 40Â ° C. At temperature lower than 16oC, development of plasmodium inside the mosquito stops. Humidity level of 60% is necessary for mosquito life. Rain provide breeding places. When a female Anopheline mosquito with sporozoites in her salivary glands bites human being it transmits malaria. Transfusion of blood containing malarial parasites and lack of prophylaxis can lead to spread of malaria. Prevention and Control : Chemoprophylaxis is achieved by chloroquine, malarone, doxycycline or mefloquine. Vector control strategies include indoor and outdoor spraying of insecticides, using insecticides treated nets and treatment of mosquito breeding sites with insecticides to eliminate them. The other measures are proper disposal of waste water and filling of waste water reservoirs (Boon, Nicholas, and Davidson 2006). Dengue In 1960 there was no case dengue fever, in 1990, the average number of cases reached above 400,000 and in 2005 the number reached above 900,000.In last twenty years geographical distribution of disease and number of cases have increased dramatically. The disease is endemic in south-east Asia, India, Africa, Caribbean and Americas (Mahr 2007). Causative Organism and vector: Causative organism is dengue flavi virus with four serotypes and all produce similar clinical syndrome. Principal vector is mosquito Aedes Aegypti but Aedes albopictus is also a vector in south-east Asian countries (Mahr 2007). Transmission: Reservoir of infection is man and mosquito. Transmission cycle includes man-mosquito-man. All ages and sexes are susceptible. Factors leading to spread of the disease: Increasing population and urbanization lead to improper management of water supply and water storage in open containers. The mosquito breeds in standing water. Air coolers using water and tyre dumps contain stagnant water and act as breeding sites. Global warming leading increased rains causing stagnant water pool thus cause spread of vector. In south-east Asia additional vector Aedes albopictus may also participate in spread of disease (Mahr 2007). Prevention: Main preventive strategies include abolishing Aedies mosquito breeding places and insecticide srpay to destroy adults. No vaccine is available (Boon, Nicholas, and Davidson 2006). Clinical features: Incubation period is 2-7 days. Disease can be asymptomatic but it is more severe in infants and elderly. Severe disease is called dengue haemorrhagic fever and causes circulatory failure and systemic complication. Main clinical features are continuous fever for 4-5 days, headache, severe body pains, pain in eyes, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and skin rash. Complications like internal and external bleeding occurs(Boon, Nicholas, and Davidson 2006). Treatment: Symptomatic, fluid replacement and treatment of shock Japanese Encephaitis (JE) This is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Flavivirus. The vector is culicine mosquito. The disease predominantly affects children aged less than 15 years and has high fatality rate. Effect of global warming on spread of disease: This is a zoonotic disease that infects animals and occasionally human beings. The disease was endemic in Japan, China and Korea 25 years ago but now it is found in large population of South East Asia. The global warming has lead to changes in the environment of South East Asia with increased humidity and increase in rains. This has resulted in increased breeding places of mosquito and spread of disease(Boon, Nicholas, and Davidson 2006). Spread of Disease: Spread is through all serotypes of JE virus. The vector, culicine mosquito breeds in places containing water like rice water fields, water pools in jungles, ditches and fields. The reservoirs of virus are pigs and aquatic birds (Park 2008). Clinical Features: It is a systemic illness with fever, headache, vomiting, photophobia, seizures and paralysis. Control: By vector control using insecticide sprays in the fields, use of mosquito nets and vaccination of population at risk. Q4. Summaries of Readings Nelson K, Williams C. (2007): Early History of Infectious Disease: Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases. In Infectious Disease Epidemiology Theory and Practice, 2nd edition. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, USA. This article describes early epidemics of infectious diseases in ancient civilizations, the gradual development of knowledge of infectious diseases and their control and development of public health measures and their role in infectious disease control in western civilizations. The ancient history of Greece and Egypt mentions epidemics of infectious diseases that killed kings as well as common people in large number. Political unrest and massive dislocation as a result of wars helped spread of diseases. From the writings of early historians researchers think these epidemics were due to smallpox, tuberculosis, diphtheria and meningococcal infection. The bubonic plague epidemics with other communicable disease caused wide spread epidemics in 160CE and 165-180CE in Europe leading demise of Hans and Roman empires and killing 5 million people. The plague epidemics occurred again in 12th and 14th centuries in Europe and killed massive number of Europeans. In cities people with better immunity survived. Small pox epidemic occurred in 14th century BCE in Egypt. Latter on it was disseminated in Europe. Wars and invasion disseminated it to Americas and killed hundreds of thousand people as they have no immunity against it. At that time it became known that skin lesio ns transmit disease and survivors were immune to re-infection. Deliberate exposure to disease was a practice used in China and India before its use in Europe. Hippocrates (460-377 BCE) in his treatise stated that environmental factors were responsible for occurrence of disease. Claudius Galen (131-201 CE) used ideas of Hippocrates and his knowledge of anatomy and physiology from animals and humans to describe his ideas in his writings. His writings were used in Europe till The Middle Ages. The contagious nature of infectious diseases were known but control measures were ineffective due to lack of knowledge of epidemiology. In case of plague, infected cases were quarantined and possessions and corpses were disposed off. The importance of rats and fleas in the epidemic of disease was not recognized. The lepers were considered as sinners during The Middle Ages. Fracastoro (1478-1553) presented the idea that transmission of infectious disease from one person to another was due to minute particles. The disease was transmitted by direct contact, by fomites and through air. The process of variolation, means intentionally inoculation people to induce immunity was advocated by scientists. Mather (1663-1728) described it in his slave. Edward Jenner (1749-1826) successfully inoculated cowpox in a boy to induce immunity against smallpox. This was first clinical trial of a vaccine. The small pox vaccination lead to its eradication two centuries later. Napoleon vaccinated his army against smallpox. Thomas Sydenham(1624-1689) advocated and differentiated various febrile illness by careful observation and many others adopted same strategy to describe illnesses including infectious diseases. John Snow (1813-1858) and William Budd (1868-1953) performed epidemiology of cholera and typhoid fever respectively before isolation of organisms. The other scientists started careful clinical observation, diagnosis and measure to control and treat patients. John Graunt(1620-1674) documented number and causes of death in London during a third of century, ratio of births and deaths of both sexes and these ratios in rural and urban areas and constructed life tables. The public health data was used to study infectious disease epidemics. It was also used to implement sanitary reform in London and proving cost-effectiveness of public health measures. Analytic use of public health data was introduced by William Far(1807-1883) Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) invented microscope and described bacteria and spirochetes in fecal material and rain water. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) showed that microorganisms cause fermentation and Robert Koch (1843-1910) showed microorganism cause disease. Later on other scientists discovered microorganisms as causative agents for various infectious diseases and the vectors responsible for transmission of causative agent. The yellow fever virus was discovered in 1898 by Reed. It was discovered that yellow fever virus is transmitted by mosquito Aedes aegypti. Malarial parasite was discovered by Alfonse Laveran in 1880. Ronald Ross discovered life cycle of avian malaria and Grassi discovered anopheline mosquito were vector for malaria and avian life cycle was same in humans. The knowledge of microorganisms that cause infectious diseases, the progress in bacteriology, immunology, virology, statistics have helped in understanding of epidemiology of infectious diseases. But still infectious diseases cause many deaths and outbreaks in various parts of the world every year. Discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming and subsequent development of various antibiotics has made treatment of infectious diseases possible. The public health officials and epidemiologists now assist health authorities in control of infectious diseases. Advancements in public health have increase the average life span of Infectious disease challenge: The advancements in genetics, virology and antiviral therapy had modified course of many infectious diseases. The older techniques of diagnosis and management of disease are being replaced with new ones. But still the challenge of infectious disease control remains ahead. Overview of the Control of Disease This article deals with control of infectious diseases during 20th century and challenges ahead during 21st century. During 20th century, there was decline in infant mortality that resulted 29.2 years increase of life expectancy. During 19th century, more than 30% deaths occurred in children under 5 years of age which dropped to 1.4% in 1997. In 1900, leading causes of death were pneumonia, tuberculosis diarrhea and enteritis. While in 1997, the main causes of death are heart disease and cancers. The decline in death rate during 20th century can be attributed to discoveries of 19th century like micro-organisms, improvements in sanitation and personal hygiene. The implementation of mass vaccination programs, invention of antibiotics, disease surveillance and control systems can be due to scientific advancements. Industrialization and mass movement of people towards cites during 19th century lead to epidemics of infectious diseases due to overcrowding, poor housing, poor person hygiene and poor sanitary measures. During 20th century chlorinated water supplies, proper waste disposal, better housing, better animal and pest control, use of disinfectants and application of sanitation measures in ships lead to decline infectious diseases. Mass vaccination programs caused fall in tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus and polio. Measles, mumps and rubella infections were also controlled. Vaccination Assistance Act helped continuous supply of childhood vaccines. Antibiotics and other antimicrobial drugs help control TB and other infections. Technological advances lead to serological testing and control of viral diseases. During 21st century continuous need of research into mortality and morbidity is needed to control and treat infectious diseases. Appearance of AIDS and some other infections show evolution in microbes. Molecular genetics show the appearance of drug resistant strains of microbes. For future success public health needs to address these and other upcoming challenges. Chase, A. (1982): Magic shots. William Morrow and Company Inc., New York. This article describes history of development of smallpox vaccine by Edward Jenner in 1796, the behavior of political, social, religious forces and scientists related to use of this vaccine in Europe and USA, the history of epidemics of smallpox, WHO campaigns for eradication of smallpox and finally eradication of smallpox. The Chinese and Indians knew before Christian era that material from smallpox lesions can be used to induce long lasting immunity in health individuals while Europeans lacked this knowledge. During 18th century the physicians in Western world started vaccinating affluent people with infected material from smallpox patients (called variolation) this caused active disease in 5-10% of variolated individuals, high mortality and severe complications. This led to banning of variolation practice in some US states. The smallpox was introduced into Europe as a result of Holy Crusade during first two centuries of second millennium. The crusaders infected with smallpox returned back to Europe and spread the disease. The smallpox existed in India, China, Egypt and Greece since thousands of years. Of and on epidemics killed hundreds of thousands of people and blinded and disfigured many due to complications. The smallpox was introduced to Americas by Spanish and European settlers. It was unknown there before so Native Americans did not have immunity against it. It resulted in numerous deaths devastating their civilizations. Edward Jenner, a Scottish physician noted that milk maids developed mild form of disease after they came in contact with lymph and secretions in the lesions of cows with cowpox. This was without complications and subsequently they became immune against smallpox. He was also aware that many people in cattle business inoculate themselves with lymph from cowpox pustules and become immune against smallpox. Jenner inoculated an eight year old boy with lymph from cowpox lesion (cowpox virus) by scratching his skin. The boy developed mild cowpox. After few weeks Jenner inoculated the same boy with lymph taken from smallpox patient, the boy did not developed smallpox. The inoculation of boy with lymph from other smallpox patient also did not cause smallpox in him. Jenner then repeated the experiment on other people and found that all developed immunity against smallpox after inoculation with lymph from cowpox. This was invention of a very safe and effective smallpox vaccine and beginning of immunology. Although during 18th CE smallpox was a major cause of death in Europe killing 15 million people every 25 years. Many influential people opposed use of Jenners smallpox vaccine due to various reasons. Industrial revolution resulted increase in population of poor areas of cities, sanitation issues and epidemics of all infectious diseases including smallpox. The English rich ruling class wanted Jenners vaccine for themselves and their families only. They allocated very small funds for its use in Ireland, and were against mass vaccination of public. The conservative religious riches considered saving poor from smallpox will disturb balance of nature and increase their population. The cost benefit analysis by experts was also used to show that mass vaccination was uneconomical. The English and French armies got vaccination against smallpox. Napoleon favored Jenners vaccine. Malthus and his supporters successfully opposed mass vaccination and other public health measures in Britain. Many of the colleagues opposed smallpox vaccination due to professional jealously with Jenner while other supported recognizing its benefits. The German and Scandinavian ruling class supported and implement ed mass vaccination during early part of 19th century decades before the English did so. In US Dr Benjamin Waterhouse a professor at Harvard visited Europe, became aware of smallpox vaccine and wrote President Thomas Jefferson, Vice-President at that time about the global eradication of smallpox. Jefferson agreed and appreciated the idea. The smallpox vaccine was imported and also prepared in US and small level vaccination was started. There were forces of opposition like England that slowed progress of vaccination. Shattuck Report in 1850 examined state of public health affairs in Massachusetts and stressed periodic vaccination of people along with all the sanitary measures. Immigrants from China and Europe, slaves from South and local poor provided cheap labor and were unable to afford proper housing and sanitation. They lived in crowded dwellings suitable for infectious disease epidemics including smallpox. The outbreaks occurred between 1820-1870 killing hundreds of thousand people. In Europe, during smallpox pandemic during 1870-1875, the dead rate in countries without compulsory vaccination was four times higher than those with compulsory vaccination Smallpox became internationally notifiable disease in 1926. WHO launched campaigns to eradicate smallpox from the world. First two campaigns failed but the third become successful and the last case of smallpox was reported in Somalia in 1977. Bureau of Smallpox Eradication became part of CDC in 1966 to endure safe vaccination against smallpox. The complications of smallpox vaccination are insignificant. World is global village and US and other countries can remain free of infectious diseases if they help less fortune countries to improve sanitation, overcrowding, personal hygiene, safe water supplies and other public health measures. Giesecke J. (2002). Mathematical models for Epidemics. In Modern Infectious Disease Epidemiology. London. Mathematical models are used in weather forecasting, economics and sociology. They are based upon certain assumptions, take more important factors as determinants of development and used for predictions and other protocols. These models are also useful in infectious disease epidemiology. Basic reproductive rate (Ro) gives average number of people who gets directly infected by an infectious case during infectious period in a susceptible population. During an epidemic current reproductive rate (R) is used. In an epidemic when R is greater than 1 shows disease will disappear when it is equal to 1, it will become endemic and when R is larger than 1 it becomes epidemic. When a proportion p of a population already immunized, p x R0 people will not catch infection and R p x R0 will be infected. Since epidemic occurs when R p x R0 is greater than 1so increasing secondary immunization level in a population increases value of p x R0 and epidemic does not occur. We can represent this relationship in a simple formula. R p x R0 (R0 -1) / R0 The determinants of Ro are risk of transmission per contact (ÃŽÂ ²), the number of contacts of an average person in a population (ÃŽÂ º) and during of infectivity of a person (D). Mathematically we can show the relationship Ro = ÃŽÂ ² x ÃŽÂ º x D The infections with high infectivity and longer immunity (childhood diseases), Ro estimation can be from average age at infection time. The formula R0 = 1 + L/A where L is average life span of a person and A is age when infection occurred. Researchers discuss a simple model of infectious disease making assumptions that disease occurs in a fixed population with zero latent period having duration of infectivity equal to clinical manifestation of disease. The population of size n can be divided into three proportions namely S, susceptible portion of n; I, currently infected and infectious proportion of n and R, immune proportion of n. Before infection S=1 while I and R are 0. With the spread of epidemic S decreases R increases and I first increases then decreases. Three equations can be setup and during epidemic these will be dS/dt = ÃŽÂ ² x ÃŽÂ º x S x I -(a) dI/dt = ÃŽÂ ² x ÃŽÂ º x S x I-I/D -(b) dR/dt =I/D-(c) Here eq.(a) shows proportion of susceptible people is decreasing. Eq (b) show

Impact of Technology in Australians Lives Essay -- Technology

From invitro fertilisation to autopsy, people’s lives in Australia are potentially subject to scrutiny. The extent to which details of a particular individual’s existence are on show depends not just on the person’s own decisions but also on the decisions of related others, private firms and the state as well as inadvertent access by technology. This essay examines several points in people’s lives where they are most likely to encounter the public gaze, either now or into the future. Specifically, these junctures are the Census, The 100 point ID system and the lens of telepanoramic digital photography. Every five years, the Census provides a snapshot of Australian households. The data collected forms the basis of public planning. (How to complete your Census form 2006, p.2) On the night of August the 8th 2006, Australian households undertook the latest census. The form could be completed in either hard copy or online. Of particular interest was Question 60, Time capsule, which invited households to have a copy of their responses to the Census identified by their names in microfilm format for future reference. This information will be held in secure storage by the National Archives of Australia for 99 years when it will be made available to ‘genealogists †¦, historians, academics, social analysts, journalists, and fiction and non-fiction writers’. This option was first made available at the previous Census held in 2001 (How to complete your Census form 2006, p.17). This opportunity was welcomed by genealogists, who have long envied their British counterparts historic and full access to census data from 1841 onwards. Indeed, the 1901 census has recently been made available (Census Online 2006). In the Australian case however, t... ...to complete your census form 2006 Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra. The metroguide: a guide to Adelaide’s public transport system n.d. Adelaide Metro, Adelaide. Murray, E 2006 ‘Jail for â€Å"greedy† con woman’, The Age, September 22. Viewed 19th of October 2006 Norris, M 2006 ‘I caught our most-wanted con woman’, Woman’s Day, October 2006, pp.34-35. Privacy on the Internet: Effect on genealogy n.d. Viewed 12 October 2006 Tadros, E & Petrie, A 2006 ‘Moment of truth in the many lives of Jodie’, The Sydney Morning Herald, July 7. Viewed 19th of October 2006 Whittaker, N 1998 Controlling your credit cards, Simon & Schuster, East Roseville.